More extreme variations in weather are also a threat to society. In this map, “warmer” colors indicate an increase in temperatures, leading to less of a need to turn on the heat—that is, fewer heating degree days. Storm intensity is closely related to variations in sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic. Average global temperatures show a similar trend, and all of the top 10 warmest years on record worldwide have occurred since 1998.
This chapter focuses on observed changes in temperature, precipitation, storms, floods, and droughts.Long-term changes in climate can directly or indirectly affect many aspects of society in potentially disruptive ways. The Mid-Atlantic region suffers the highest number of coastal flood days and has also experienced the largest increase in frequency over time.The ocean has become more acidic over the past few centuries because of increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which dissolves in the water. Water levels in lakes are influenced by water temperature, which affects evaporation rates and ice formation. From 1990 to 2015, the total warming effect from greenhouse gases added by humans to the Earth’s atmosphere increased by 37 percent. However, shifting weather patterns have caused certain areas, such as the American Southwest, to experience less precipitation than usual.In recent years, a higher percentage of precipitation in the United States has come in the form of intense single-day events. The incidence of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease in the United States has varied widely from year to year and among geographic regions since tracking began in 2002.
The September maximum extent reached the highest level on record in 2014—about 7 percent larger than the 1981–2010 average.
Over the last 75 years, minimum, maximum, and average flows have changed in many parts of the country—some higher, some lower. Along the U.S. coastline, sea level has risen the most along the Mid-Atlantic and Gulf coasts, in some places by more than 8 inches since 1960.Flooding is becoming more frequent along the U.S. coastline as sea level rises. Many of these observed changes are linked to the rising levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, caused by human activities. Ocean heat content not only determines sea surface temperature, but also affects sea level and currents.Data sources: CSIRO, 2016; MRI/JMA, 2016; NOAA, 2016Ocean surface temperatures increased around the world during the 20When averaged over all of the world’s oceans, sea level has risen at a rate of roughly six-tenths of an inch per decade since 1880.
The Greenh… In the United States, the snow cover season has become shorter by nearly two weeks on average since 1972. The change becomes more pronounced from south to north.Since 1983, the United States has had an average of 72,000 recorded wildfires per year. While increased precipitation can replenish water supplies and support agriculture, intense storms can damage property, cause loss of life and population displacement, and temporarily disrupt essential services such as transportation, telecommunications, energy, and water supplies.While the concepts of climate and weather are often confused, it is important to understand the difference. The annual minimum extent of Arctic sea ice has decreased over time, and in September 2012 it was the smallest ever recorded. The annual death rate is higher when accounting for deaths in which heat was reported as a contributing factor. Heavy Precipitation. From 1960 through 2014, water temperature increased at 79 percent of the stream sites measured in the region.
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